Table 4 Linear regression estimates: predictors of health utility and the MSQOL-54 composite scores of the total study population (the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and elsewhere (Germany or Italy)), 2019
From: Health-related quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients: a European multi-country study
| Health utility Univariate | Health utility Multivariate a | PHCS Univariate | PHCS Multivariate | MHCS Univariate | MHCS Multivariate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | −0.006 (0.002)*** | −0.257 (0.120)** | 0.149 (0.154) | |||
| Age at diagnosis (years) | −0.007 (0.002)** | −0.159 (0.124) | −0.010 (0.156) | |||
| Time since diagnosis (years) | −0.000 (0.003) | −0.190 (0.163) | 0.282 (0.205) | |||
| Gender (female vs. male) | 0.055 (0.047) | 0.482 (3.098) | −3.742 (3.883) | |||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | ||||||
| Partnered | 0.119 (0.061) * | 3.770 (3.923) | 6.816 (4.958) | |||
| Married | 0.084 (0.052) | 5.372 (3.384) | 7.889 (4.289)* | |||
| Divorced | −0.070 (0.110) | −4.081 (7.097) | 9.444 (8.921) | |||
| Widowed | 0.171 (0.280) | −3.549 (17.383) | 16.736 (21.807) | |||
| Educational level | ||||||
| Primary education | ||||||
| Secondary education | −0.296 (0.274) | −38.651 (17.450)** | −23.068 (22.460) | |||
| Vocational/technical education | −0.223 (0.266) | −33.782 (16.940)** | −25.104 (21.803) | |||
| University | −0.119 (0.265) | −27.890 (16.905) | −24.458 (21.759) | |||
| Other | −0.160 (0.285) | −32.622 (18.163)* | −24.722 (23.377) | |||
| Country of residence | ||||||
| United Kingdom | ||||||
| France | 0.281 (0.073)*** | 0.131 (0.034)*** | 10.251 (4.968)** | −3.051 (6.137) | ||
| The Netherlands | 0.098 (0.070) | 10.174 (4.800)** | 5.364 (2.445)** | 7.168 (5.912) | ||
| Spain | 0.293 (0.103)*** | 23.758 (6.907)*** | 11.074 (5.002)*** | 11.000 (8.633) | ||
| Elsewhere | 0.195 (0.100)* | 18.075 (6.722)*** | 2.663 (8.395) | |||
| Type of MSI | ||||||
| CIS / RRMS | ||||||
| PPMS | −0.387 (0.062)*** | −0.215 (0.058)*** | −21.055 (4.219)*** | −13.024 (4.208)*** | −17.066 (5.343)*** | −17.815 (5.326)*** |
| SPMS | −0.143 (0.062)** | −9.204 (4.105)** | 7.183 (5.343) | |||
| EDSS | ||||||
| EDSS <= 2.5 | ||||||
| EDSS 3–5.5 | −0.161 (0.051)*** | −0.129 (0.048)*** | −12.436 (3.482)*** | −11.320 (3.419)*** | − 1.415 (4.847) | |
| EDSS > = 6 | −0.485 (0.056)*** | − 0.383 (0.056)*** | −25.362 (3.854)*** | −21.194 (3.997)*** | −7.789 (5.294) | |
| Unknown / missing | −0.151 (0.043)*** | −0.113 (0.040)*** | −11.534 (2.906)*** | −10.677 (2.851)*** | −7.121 (4.064)* | |
| Current line of treatment | ||||||
| Treatment naive | ||||||
| 1st-line DMT | 0.259 (0.071)*** | 10.778 (4.785)** | 1.709 (5.970) | |||
| 2nd-line DMT | 0.115 (0.069) | 4.477 (4.677) | 1.259 (5.844) | |||
| Treatment experience but currently no DMT | 0.127 (0.077)* | 4.857 (5.137) | 3.450 (6.429) | |||